Analysis Of Online Marketing - 872 Words

Product Information Since clothing is a basic necessity and it can be sold in many creative ways, I’ve decided to make my product an online clothing store. I plan to sell my apparel online, because majority of sales in the twenty-first century are being done on an internet domain. According to Cira, the Canadian Internet Registry, by 2019 Canadians will spend approximately nine billion dollars on online commerce (Cira, 2016). I aim to sell wearables because according Cira, 42% of online purchases made in 2013 were clothing based (Cira, 2016). I plan on selling this for the target age of 18-34 because they are the the most fluent in e-commerce and they make up the majority of the online shopping market according to Business Insider (Smith,†¦show more content†¦J, 2011). For this theory contribute in my advertising, I plan on using influential celebrities to promote my merchandise. For example, Apple Music used Kerry Washington, Missy Elliot and Taraji P. Henson to promote the Apple Music streaming service (Goodman, 2015).This demonstrates to the audience that because an iconic celebrity is would buy this product that they themselves as consumer should also buy it, which enacts the basic response of the socio-cognitive theory. Furthermore, I plan to advertise my product is through repetition of advertisements whether through commercials broadcasted on youtube or television, radio advertisement or pop up ads on the internet. Repetition is key in advertising because when a person has been exposed to a certain product multiple times they make associations either good or bad with the product. For example the name Mcdonalds is now associated with burgers, fries and mcflurries which in some people has a positive memory. This is because neurons in our brain are separated by synapses, the ability of transmitting information between synapses is what strengthens the brain and makes brain function possible, therefore by repetitive experiences we are strengthening our synapses which in turns allows audiences to remember a product and associate positive memories with it (Rieck, 2016). Advertising Methods Since my product is an online clothing store I think it’s only fitting that majority of theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Online Marketing867 Words   |  4 PagesReaching the right people at the right time with the right message is a key goal of online marketing, especially in the increasingly competitive marketplace of healthcare systems (Healthcare Systems, 2014). In order to market your product or service, it is imperative that you tailor your marketing and sales efforts to specifically reach the segment of population that will most likely buy your product or service (MaGee, 2017). It is critical that you first determine or clearly identify your primaryRead MoreReview and Analysis: Best Practices for Online Marketing2489 Words   |  10 PagesAnything but Stupid: Online Marketing at Stupid.com Home of the stupidest gifts on planet earth. Stupid.com Introduction In an increasingly competitive globalized marketplace, e-businesses of all types and sizes are scrambling to identify an appropriate niche to grow their companies in sustainable ways. One company that has demonstrated a flair for succeeding where others have failed is Stupid.com, an e-business specializing in seasonal and specialty gift items with a zany touch for all occasionsRead MoreAnalysis Of Mahalo s Online Marketing Team Essay1913 Words   |  8 PagesMahalo’s online marketing team needs to brainstorm to formulate a proper and a long term plan, and come up with the right tools of social network to exploit them fruitfully. To assure that desired benefits in the long run, however, the plan needs to be improvised constantly, responding to the changing trends by taking proper efforts. Mahalo should take the following points into their considerations to make a strategy and set an expectation of the plan. - A well-crafted social media marketing goals:Read MoreMarketing Analysis : Pinterest Is A Free, Online Bulletin Board997 Words   |  4 PagesPinterest is a free, online bulletin board, facilitated by users to share their favorite images that launched in 2010. Since its launch the site grew to the #3 social media site, behind Facebook and Twitter. Pinterest is a well-rounded product that allows marketers to promote their products, companies the ability to post images of their products and link them back to the company website serving as a virtual store catalog, and users to collaborate and share interests. 1. SWOT Analysis: Strengths: TheRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Gopro Sells Products Direct From Their Website Online And Retail Locations1440 Words   |  6 Pages7.1.4 Place. GoPro sells products direct from their website online and retail locations through GoPro authorized resellers. There are over 25,000 retail locations selling GoPro products worldwide (Bloomberg, 2015). The stores range from Walmart to a small mom and pop bicycle rental shop in the Bahamas. Consumers benefit by being able to purchase accessories everywhere, not being limited to a high end or specific store to upgrade or purchase an extra battery, adds value. The plan is to continueRead MoreOnline Marketing Strategy1251 Words   |  6 PagesDigital Marketing Strategy Jacob Orquin Department of Business Administration Aarhus University E-business models Chaffey Smith (2008) The e-marketing plan Chaffey (2009) Online strategy model Guava Media, Nyborg (2009) Which KPI’s? Who are the customers? Qualitative/explorative analyses segments, position, messages Quatitative analyses Cross- upsales, loyalty Qualify the customers/ market Touchpoint strategy Integration of digital strategy in corporate/ marketingRead MoreImpact Of Internet On Modern Business1699 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 3 Articles Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....4 Article 1†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Article 2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....5 Article 3†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Analysis...†¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦..†¦...7 Appendices.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..8 â€Æ' Deri Kusniawati Dr. Mario Beruvides IE 4320 4 Dec. 2015 Internet Impacts on Modern Business Introduction Internet is a powerful and an influentialRead MoreMarketing and Act Convert Engage1038 Words   |  5 PagesA SOSTAC ® and PRACE planning checklist for online marketing Table of contents Start here – how can this template be used? 1 SOSTAC ® Digital Marketing Plan outline incorporating RACE 2 SITUATION 2 OBJECTIVES 2 STRATEGY 3 TACTICS 3 ACTIONS 4 CONTROL 4 Start here – how can this template be used? SOSTAC ® and RACE are two of the main tools we’ve created to help marketers plan and manage their marketing. It’s no surprise that weve had several questions askingRead MoreDigital Marketing Web Analysis Report1369 Words   |  6 Pages Digital Marketing Web Analysis Report Student’s name: Institution: Instructor: Subject: â€Æ' Executive Summary This report looks at the company website for Kogan.com which is the client organization and Appliances online, the field related competitor. The criteria used for analysis depends upon four identified criteria which include: trust, content, usability and design. This four criteria will be used to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the particular websites identified above mainly theRead MoreSearch Engine Optimization1221 Words   |  5 Pagesoptimisation is an Internet Marketing method that works to ensure your brand is revealed as high up as possible in the search engines, namely Google. This means it is more visible to those who are searching for your product or service. SEO attempts to optimise your website for the Google algorithms through a variety of techniques that strive to filter quality and relevant content. Why choose SEO over traditional marketing? Search Engine Optimization is the future of marketing. As the web replaces traditional

Heres What I Know About Middle School Essay Samples

Here's What I Know About Middle School Essay Samples Finding Middle School Essay Samples on the Web The objective is to wind up getting fewer people to smoke. Choose from popular topics that folks are passionate about. The past couple of sentences ought to be extremely clear and have an enduring image on your audience. Here are four strategies to construct your students' capacity to compose arguments through close reading. Reducing smoking can be achieved through education, as smoking isn't something you wish to advocate for. People ended up finding different sources to acquire their hands on alcohol. The matter is there are so many men and women that are still smoking. Also, there's no evidence of higher test scores. Ok, I Think I Understand Middle School Essay Samples, Now Tell Me About Middle School Essay Samples! Having done that, you can be certain your sample is going to be delivered to you within the designated deadline as we don't like delays too. To assist you k ick-start your writing endeavors, you can pick from the samples and templates below to be able to spark off some inspiration and emotions. It doesn't make a difference to us, whether you're too busy on the job concentrating on a passion undertaking, or simply tired of a seemingly infinite stream of assignments. The majority of the material on this website is directed in any respect teachers. It's inevitable that a student is not going to encounter essay writing in school no matter the level. During the course of someone's education, a student is likely to stumble upon the job of writing an argumentative essay. The essay is easily the most important part of a university appllication, see sample essays ideal for applying to schools in the united states. When you learn to compose an essay of this kind, it is going to be very helpful to you all through your college years. Taking into consideration that there's a broad range of topics and ideas for persuasive papers and unique t actics to create them, often it becomes difficult for students to choose the most relevant and intriguing topic and method to follow. When you're writing this essay, your principal focus is going to be to provide the reader vast details about this issue under discussion. Possessing a particular topic will enable you to be focused as you make research on the materials which you have to assemble information. Since you can see there are a whole lot of templates and topics to refer on. All About Middle School Essay Samples We have a tendency to do everything possible for you to be pleased with your middle school essay. Let's make sure this bell usually means that the actual summer vacation has arrived. There's absolutely nothing wrong with the standard school year. Primarily, you must choose a theme. For some, essay writing may be stressful endeavor, but that should not possibly be the situation. The essays aren't long, but nevertheless, it may take time to develop an idea you truly feel good about. Writing an argumentative essay can at times be confusing as you don't necessarily understand how to compose a convincing argument. Writing a persuasive, argumentative essay can be challenging, and at times it can find a little confusing. All essays will have a particular topic that's either one you choose or one which is provided for you. Therefore because of the following they should always have the ability to grow a normal essay dollar. You ought to make sure you keep on that 1 side during your whole essay. This section is the crux of the argumentative essay. The New Angle On Middle School Essay Samples Just Released You would like to put your very best foot forward and keep positive in your application. They can serve as gateways to the principal argument and lead the reader on in the thorough expression that the primary body possesses. However, you've got to take be aware there are also institutions and authorities that demands a particular style and format. An individual should think about altering the thesis if it doesn't match the consequent paper or editing some paragraphs should they do not represent the point of the thesis. The Little-Known Secrets to Middle School Essay Samples It's better becaus e the stream of the arguments can be natural. Another last component is having the capability to draw out the advantages and disadvantages of the opposition and disprove their argument. Finally convince the reader employing the facts which you've discussed in your body why you feel your thesis statement right. You first have to decide on a good topic with an argument, credible information to strengthen your viewpoint, a good stance on your side, and a superb counter-argument that will help you sound less biased. This might be the major reason as to why Rae is ready to stay steadfast because she feels it is the correct course to take. On the flip side, if you've got to compose a persuasive essay, all the matters mentioned previously don't play such significant function. You should also pick issues that you've got a wonderful interest in.

Indigenous vs Traditional Approach in Business

Question: Discuss about the Indigenous vs Traditional Approach in Business. Answer: Introduction: The human civilization is progressing in a fast pace, the society has changed drastically and so has the market conditions. The corporate organizations must develop an intercultural practice in their business operations so that they can cater to a much globalized multicultural target market. An intercultural business practice includes stakeholders belonging to diverse cultural backgrounds and caters to a multicultural target market (Lowman, 2013). However, there can be a number of setbacks in pertaining an intercultural practice in business operations. This report attempts to compare two business approaches, traditional and indigenous by taking an example of a Marae community. Difference Between Indigenous and Traditional Approaches: The business organizations that are based in regions where multicultural influence is prevalent the business operations and policies are in accordance of their business strategies as well. Taking the example of Australia, a strongly multicultural country, the business operation in the aboriginal or Torres island regions is heavily coloured by the indigenous influence. It has to be considered the lifestyle differs vastly across cultural backgrounds and the business operation has to be in accordance to it (Lowman, 2013). The indigenous population is much more spiritual and they rarely respond to scientific business approaches of traditional western cultures. The societal difference also play an important role in determining the corporate attitude, the western society is much more compartmentalized where as the indigenous community believes in unity and continuity. The business also dep4ends on the point of view of the target market, a business that focuses on the western civilization will have more focus on comfort and convenience whereas in indigenous community the business tactics must circle around their religious and spiritual believes to thrive (Parhizgar, 2013). The financial backbone is also an important factor to it, the western community is much more financially stable ad can afford high price commodities which the indigenous community cannot afford. Intercultural Drawbacks: The business world might have progressed and grown by the virtue of expanding into multicultural backgrounds, there are some drawbacks that might pose a threat to the survival of the business. It has to be considered that different cultures have their own characteristics and dialects and that can be prove to be quite a barrier. For example the Maori community is a distinctive part of Australia and has a diverse multicultural background (Nicholls, 2013). The language barrier is a prevalent hurdle to corporate globalization in such closed off communities, but apart from that the traditions have a strong impact on the lifestyle as well. Cultural Patterns: A discussion on intercultural business relation would be left incomplete if a detailed impact of cultural patterns does not get a place for itself. The culture of marae community has great Polynesian and indigenous influence, their perceptions and believes are completely unique. They believe more in reciprocity and equidistributed resources than discrimination. They carry out a minimalistic lifestyle and have no inclination to tech-savvy commodities unlike the western community (Seo Gao, 2015). The tribal population predominate the market with the traditional arts like whakairo, raranga, kappa haka and ta moko have much more preference in the population than the modern business techniques and commodities. The visitors to the Marae grounds are treated as the sacred feet and are given a formal welcome. Their traditions and lifestyle is nothing short of awe inspiring (Nicholls, 2013). Conclusion: It can be concluded that the cultural difference is a strong one, and corporate trans-globalization cannot erase the impact of it completely. The Marae community is a substantial example of the fact, the cultural pattern and influence is so ingrained in their lifestyle, it is almost surreal. Their community is minimalist still breathtaking in its aesthetic beauty. The impact of different cultures can be too challenging in such communities, and would need a revolutionary effort to overcome these restriction to globalization to such closed off communities. Reference List: Lowman, R. L. (2013).Internationalizing multiculturalism: Expanding professional competencies in a globalized world. American Psychological Association. Nicholls, N. R. (2013).Sustaining M?ori culture through the representation of tribal history in architecture: Tirohia-Te Marae K?rewa(Master's thesis). Parhizgar, K. D. (2013).Multicultural behavior and global business environments. Routledge. Seo, Y., Gao, H. (2015). Towards a value-based perspective of consumer multicultural orientation.European Management Journal,33(1), 30-36.

Tarnished gold Some of the great Olympics cheat Essays - Sports

Tarnished gold: Some of the 'great' Olympics cheats Faster, higher, farther...sneakier? From non-disabled Paralympians to rigged fencing foils and badminton players intent on losing - here's our guide to the Olympians who fell far short of the high Olympic ideals... Guy Adams @ guyadams Wednesday 1 August 2012 11:00 BST Tarnished gold: Some of the 'great' Olympics cheats An official threatens Greysia Polii and Meiliana Jauhari of Indonesia and Jung Eun Ha and Min Jung Kim of Korea with a 'black card' disqualification In the long history of Olympic cheating last night's effort (or rather lack of it) by badminton players at Wembley Arena is a little unusual. Rather than attempting to win through the employing of devious methods the players from China and South Korea, in fact, appeared to be attempting to lose in order to manipulate a draw. The farcical scenes that saw players booed, jeered, disqualified and then reinstated - have today led to the launching of disciplinary proceedings against the four players. The fiasco began when Chinese top seeds Wang Xiaoli and Yu Yang started to show little interest in beating Koreans Jung Kyung- eun and Kim Ha- na to finish top of Group A. Coming second would have meant avoiding compatriots and second seeds Tian Qing and Zhao Yunlei at least until the final. Tian and Zhao had been sent off their natural path to the final as second seeds by defeat to Denmark's Kamilla Rytter Juhl and Christinna Pedersen earlier in the day. The Koreans responded to China's antics by copying them and referee Thorsten Berg emerged to warn all the players and subsequently disqualify and reinstate them. Though the desire to lose may have been unusual, mendacity, manipulation and outright cheating at the Olympic games are nothing new... Ben Johnson, Seoul, 1988 There were drug cheats before, and there have been drug cheats since. But it took the downfall of Ben Johnson to demonstrate the apparent ubiquity of banned substances at the very highest level of sport. On the evening of 24 September, the Canadian sprinter set a new world record of 9.79 seconds in the men's 100m final, lifting his hand in triumph as he crossed the finish line ahead of arch rival Carl Lewis and Britain's Linford Christie, in what a BBC commentator declared "the greatest sprint race in history". Three days later, it became the most tarnished. Johnson was stripped of his medal, and had his record expunged after a sample of his urine tested positive for stanozolol , an illegal steroid. He initially denied cheating, but later confessed - arguing that drug use was endemic in top-tier athletics. In a way, he had a point: six of the eight finalists in that famous 100m race were at some point in their careers tainted by association with "juicing", and several, like him, served bans. But no one fell further, or harder, or more publicly than Ben Johnson. And somehow, the Olympic ideal would never feel quite the same. Boris Onischenko , Montreal, 1976 At the height of the Cold War, when Olympic sports were a cipher for political clashes between East and West, the heavily- favoured Russians took on second- favourites , Great Britain, in the fencing leg of the Modern Pentathlon. Onischenko , who had won silver in the previous two Games, and was desperate to go one better, easily dispatched the UK's Danny Parker. Then he won a baffling bout against Adrian Parker, in which the electronic scoreboard registered a hit, despite an apparent lack of contact between Onischenko's epee and Parker's body. Next up was Jim Fox, a British Army captain. Early in their bout, the scoreboard once more lit up, suggesting a Soviet triumph. But Fox, who was sure he'd taken evasive action, was having none of it - and demanded an examination of his opponent's sword. "I thought the weapon was faulty," he later recalled. That was only the half of it. Buried beneath the leather handle, judges discovered an intricate wiring system designed to register a "hit" when a small button was pressed. "It was a real engineering job," said Mike Proudfoot , the British team manager. "Not just a ham amateur's effort. They had

Critical analysis of the opening chapters of Waterland Essay Example

Critical analysis of the opening chapters of Waterland Essay Example Critical analysis of the opening chapters of Waterland Essay Critical analysis of the opening chapters of Waterland Essay This conclusion to the books opening paragraph epitomizes the first 4 chapters a seemingly ambiguous idea that bears no real resemblance to anything. However, this is because Graham Swift writes deliberately, and even the strangest subject is actually entirely relevant to both the plot and story. This allows him to develop his novels in his own, unique way (Although numerous parodies of other writers are present in his words; the most apparent example being Thomas Hardy and his descriptive style, where Swift describes the setting for periods of time, relating it to his characters) and fully explore his setting through his words, in this case The Fens. The first four chapters of Waterland do not introduce a plot that has lots of substance, save for the discovery of the body, which belonged to Freddie Parr, and the cutting back on history. However, this is not Swifts aim he attempts to acclimatise the reader to his world (Most evident in the Chapter 3 description About The Fens), thr ough first the introduction of the characters (Sometimes brief, sometimes more developed) and then the region they live in. Swift begins his book writing About the Stars and the Sluice. In this chapter we learn of Tom, Dick and his father, Henry, Crick (As well as Freddy Parr at the climatic end of the chapter). Interestingly enough, it is a humble anecdote that begins the story from Henry Crick, whatever you learn about people, each of them was once a tiny baby sucking his mothers milk This prophetic quote is typical of Henry Crick in the novels opening. He is described as a superstitious man (The theme of superstition and folklore is a recurring one, and is evident throughout the book), a trait that frequently appears during the course of the book. Tom says that his father had a knack for telling stories. Made-up stories, true stories; this is supported by Toms recollection of one midsummer night when his dad said, Do you know what the stars are? His fathers story about the stars strikes a chord with Tom, who admits some of his fathers tales are believable in the first chapter. The stars are referenced indirectly in Chapter 3, when we are told Henry Crick always believed that old Bill Claywas reallya sort of Wise Man. This creates the image of The Wise Men following the Star to Bethlehem, as if to suggest the characters themselves are following their own star (Possibly meaning being led by fate, as the fates of people were said to lie in the stars). We do not even learn what Toms relationship with Dick is in the opening four chapters, such is the vagueness of Swifts style. It is not until later known that Dick is Toms brother, and the irony that surrounds his name (In that Dick has an extremely large penis). In fact, he is only referred to twice, and that is to learn he is four years older than Tom. The mystery around this figure is puzzling, Swift leaving the reader feeling interested and inquisitive about the character. However, we find the main character to be Tom Crick, the narrator of the book. He is an intellectual man, and also a history teacher. We can trace these traits to the first chapter, where Tom explains that, it was my mother who first told me stories, which, she got from books as well as out of head He brings his intellect to his narration, which helps the reader understand the apparent reliance on history to help the story progress, using Latin phrases such as, Ipso facto (Suggesting his knowledge is plentiful and that Lewis shouldnt actually fire him, as hes valuable to the school). Toms only real admission of his own feelings is when he speaks of the cuts of the History Department (Him being one of them), which brings out the frustration and jealousy in him (Acting li ke a sulking child when saying, Its still his ship, as well as the fact that Lewis doesnt say certain things (The rhetoric emphasising his obsession over Lewis apparent negligence). Certainly the characters (In particular Tom), although not explored deep early on, begin to exhibit their complexities by the end of Chapter 4, Swift almost signifying his intent to prolong the full release of their emotions and feelings. Even though the opening four chapters are only 26 pages in length, Swift wastes no time in introducing the main themes of his novel, most notably change, history and evolution. All three can be found in Chapter 3, About The Fens. Tom explains that silt caused them [the shallow, shifting waters of the Wash] to retreat, labelling it an obstacle to water. Whereas the idea of the book is about water never staying the same and constantly changing, silt impedes change, and leaves things as they are. This is both a metaphorical and literal process, as Tom seems bound to his life that he cant escape, pretty much through choice, as if he is his own silt. He cant, and possibly doesnt even want to, change his situation, since his history and heritage means such a lot to him. This is re-emphasized by the process of human siltation; there is the real fight against the silt (Or for in Dicks case, as he works on a dredger), and the metaphorical fight. That is to say, fighting the fears and obstacle s we are faced with, and conquering them, all the while reclaiming the land (Our lives). The theory of change is highlighted by Toms extensive documentary of his family name and ancestry it appears his ancestors were familiar with the change (Especially those in Vermuydens time) and could deal with it, accepting it in their stride. However, Tom cant, or point blank refuses to. Whereas his ancestors ceased to be water people and became land people (Evolving and dealing with the change), Tom doesnt, when it appears he needs to. This is in fact one of the major contextual points of the book the idea of imperialism, colonialism and post-colonialism. The silt acts as the colonizer, and colonizes the land, claiming it from the water. The inhabitants have to co-exist with it, and live by its ruling. When post-colonialism occurs (i.e. the water leaving the land, either through dredging or actual retreat), the colonized take on its way of life, i.e. they try to fight the water as the silt did, and learn to control it. History plays a big part in the novel. Tom, as the narrator, explains his story as well as exhibiting his own knowledge. To the reader, this mix between fact and fiction presents a credible story, but also leads to a distortion of fact, as he would perhaps manipulate them to correspond with his own personal story. One of the main links with history is that of fairy tales, i.e. made-up stories. These are referred to numerous times by Tom to his class (Thus merging them with history) and the single-line paragraphs such as Once upon a time' (The classic fairy-tale opening, surreal in that Tom is telling us a fictional fairy-tale). The most extensive use of history, however, is Chapter 3, where Tom explains his family history, especially Jacob Crick (Swift highlighting him as the main ancestor simply through the amount of time spent on describing him), mill-man and apprentice hermit. Swift describes the simplicity of his job, but follows by stressing the skill and dedication needed to th e job (Almost as if Jacob is a reflection of Henry and Toms roots). Waterland is an historical novel and explores the past, presenting an ironic fact, but also fictional, book. This is a clear example of a paradox where Tom and the characters cant live with history, but also cant live without it (This is also the case for the actual story, since there is no apparent place for fact in a fictitious novel, yet the book is not as fluent without it). The form and structure of these chapters is quite telling of the way Swift wanted to communicate his novel. Chapter 1 serves as a perfect introductory chapter it is short (4 pages long) and has longer paragraphs than, for example, Chapter 4 (This is because Swift varies the paragraph lengths to mirror the structure of the novel itself, with some chapters describing an event in his life, another describing his heritage or information on the Fens, etc). By doing this, there is a clear distinction between each chapter about its purpose Chapter 3 has longer paragraphs, and is a longer chapter overall, because it is purely descriptive of the land, of the people and of the ideas that surround them (Evidently Swift uses these opportunities to develop the Fens so that we, the readers, experience, see and feel it as he does). The penultimate paragraph in Chapter 1 acts as a build up to the dramatic end the detailing of the Leems unceasing booty of debris leads into the final paragraph wher e we learn of the discovery of Freddie Parrs body (Indeed this is quite intentional as, at the beginning of the last paragraph, Swift begins, And thus it was). Swift, as mentioned earlier, varies paragraph length, especially when dealing with short, sharp paragraphs, such as, A fairy-tale land, after all, or Hed like it over and done with and out of the way. This gives the words a more powerful impact, illustrating them as being highly significant (Certainly the sentence structure at the end of Chapter 4 aids this, as we can almost feel the shattering effect the situation is having on Tom, his fairy-tale being ruined by reality). Also at the end of Chapter 4, we have the repetition of Were cutting back History, as if to conclude the chapter the read has just read. This provides a cyclic nature to the chapter where the passage begins and ends the same. Tom uses his intelligence as a history teacher to objectively integrate his own opinions into his narration, adopting parentheses at the end of paragraphs, (But since when have you been living, Lew, in the real world?) There is a possible imperialist form to this novel, where Tom appears to be looking down on the children he teaches, as if they (More specifically, Price What matters is the here and now. Not the past.) do not understand history as he does, and that he is in complete control of them. Lastly, Chapter 3 is the first pure historical chapter weve seen. In Chapter 2, Lewis tells Tom, A chance to get on with that book of yoursA History of the Fens. This Chapter is his book, and it flows from Chapter 2, where Tom says, let me tell you About The Fens. Th is reiterates the fact this is a narration a story being told and this makes the book flow better, making it more conversational. Swifts language throughout these opening chapters is very engaging, as it provokes the reader into reading on (most evident with the use of ellipses (), using it where peoples speech begins to trail off, or to suggest what he leaves unsaid (a school is a microcosm, so if the school works well)). Swift uses certain writing techniques that are cleverly integrated into his work, which, combined with specific linguistic style, creates intriguing reading. The audience of Toms narration is not named, but strong hints are made at his class (This makes his ellipses even more prominent, as there is an audience to suggest, and trail off, to). For instance, in Chapter 2, Tom says, You, above all, should know that it is not out of choice that I am leaving you. The direct address suggests that he is talking to people he knows and, considering he began with the single word sentence Children (The accompanying repetition reminding us that they are the future a post-imperialist reference and so Tom wants to pass them his knowledge before he leaves), we can assume it is to his class with relative aplomb. Toms tone during this chapter is caring and knowledgeable, yet also dominant and slightly patronising, yet this is directed more at Price than the whole class, since Price chose to challenge (And thus insult) Toms life. Repetition is a common technique of Swifts, as, in Chapter 3, he repeats the phrase Not to, showing Toms anger at the exclusion of certain facts (Such as the men who cut the throats of King Charless Dutch drainers), as well as Perhaps, questioning what lies ahead in his [Toms] future. Certainly Swifts descriptions are believable, due to the timescale he covers, as well as the fact the dates and statistics give his story more weight (Make more real). Swift is a great user of pace throughout these chapters. He places two short chapters either side of the long, descriptive Chapter 3, as to break up the flow of the piece (As well as the fact the longer paragraphs and chapters decelerate the pace so that the importance of the facts are not ignored). Swift also integrates i magery and symbolism into his work. One of his more distinguishing images is that of the eel (Especially the trapped eel), which represents the situation of Tom caged in a world and life he cant escape from but, dissimilar to the eel, this is partly through choice. So while Swift appears vague and very obscure at times, he does so for a reason. This is a recurrence throughout the first 4 chapters, which do not see a lot of (if any) plot development, but see a lot of theme and character building, the apparent main focus.

Submissions and Submittals

Submissions and Submittals Submissions and Submittals Submissions and Submittals By Maeve Maddox Scott asks: Would you comment on the differences in the nouns submittal and submission to denote a document submitted to someone or, perhaps, uploaded to a website? Â  Which is better and under what circumstances? The major sources, Strunk and White, Chicago, for example, dont mention them. Â  I prefer the concrete submittal because the word submission has so many other meanings, but Im having a hard time proving it. The OED has a very meagre entry for the word submittal: The act of submitting. It offers a single example, from an American source dated 1888 that refers to a letter of submittal. Merriam-Webster gives the word the same short shrift: an act of submitting. In legal use submission has four possible meanings: agreement to abide by a decision or to obey an authority reference to the decision or judgement of a (third) party the referring of a matter to arbitration a theory of a case put forward by an advocate And, of course, submission can mean the action of submitting to a conquering power. In its well-established general sense, submission means the act of submitting a matter to a person for decision or consideration. Although absent from the two dictionaries cited above, the word submittal does enjoy a specialized use among architects and construction managers. Answers.com offers these definitions: Submittals in Construction Management are shop drawings, material data, and samples. Product data submittals, samples, and shop drawings are required primarily for the architect and engineer to verify that the correct products will be installed on the project. Architecture: materials such as samples or manufacturers’ data that are submitted to the architect for approval; usually a requirement of the contract documents. The readers objection to the use of submission is that it has so many other meanings. This is not a very strong basis for objection. A great many of the words we use have many meanings. English speakers are used to rolling with the punches. For example, no one is going to misinterpret the meanings of the following sentences: Caesar sought the submission of the Gauls. My novel submission has been accepted by Harper-Collins. Context is all. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Idioms About Numbers3 Types of HeadingsWhile vs. Whilst

Biochemistry of Nutrition Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Biochemistry of Nutrition - Assignment Example The mechanisms included in DNA tolerance are a replicative bypass of template damage with gap formation and translesion DNA synthesis. This paper attempts to throw light on DNA repair by direct repair mechanisms. The major source of base damage upon exposure to UV radiation at wavelengths near absorption maximum of DNA is the production of photo products such as cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 pyrimidine-pyrimidones. The photoproducts mediate DNA damage by posing serious threats to viability and functional integrity of cells by interfering with vital processes including DNA replication and transcription. The reversal of DNA damage through photoreactivation is a mechanism that involves the repair of photoproducts. The light-dependent process reverses DNA damage through monomerization of cis-syn-cyclobutyl pyrimidine dimers. Furthermore, the trans-syn-cyclobutyl pyrimidine is also repaired through the light-dependent repair process. The process involves the formation of a DNA complex with photoreactivating enzyme. The complex absorbs light (>300nm) which causes the repair of the damaging photoproducts after which the native DNA is restored after the release of photoreactivating enzyme. The depletion of one or more nutrients results in sporulation in Bacillus subtilis. A spore product called thyminyl-thymine adduct is formed when Bacillus subtilis is exposed to UV radiation at ~240nm. The repair of spore photoproduct occurs during early germination and is mediated through the SP-specific repair process. Furthermore, spore photoproducts are also repaired through nucleotide excision repair system. The formation of O6-Methylguanine occurs as a result of damage caused by the presence of alkylating agents such as N-methyl-N-nitrosoguanidine.

An Analysis of the Movie ( Mystic River ) Assignment

An Analysis of the Movie ( Mystic River ) - Assignment Example The politics concerned with planning in Mystic River is stemmed from planning issues. The freedom of staying in slum community and environment raises the issue of planning in the movie. Furthermore, the freedom in the slum dwelling is not always enjoyed due to higher density demographic, similarly, the high density population causes the community to be too close, physically. The high population in the urban area poses obstruction to planning and other related issues. The communal obstruction in the movie has similar results that usually invoke changes among the communities. The planning politics in the film illustrate positions of public welfare where the personal gains and interest is the main protagonist. The planning politics began with water issues and overall welfare, and the effect of political affairs on the environmental nature. The Boston environment is maximized to suit the desires of the located citizens. Analysis of Mystic River and urban planning involved coordination of time and speed, which is juxtaposed with geography and history. The director of the movie focused on the relation between the cinematic space and urban planning. Since the special categories of the movie based on its topographies, location, site, and settings have changed in the entire movie. The movie integrates that understanding between geography and history without giving one a privilege (Belly, 14). Talking about the limited liability in urban development, is important to note that Lynch discovered the five elements like landmarks, nodes, edges, and paths compared to those that build the image cities (Peterson,119). In the film, the urban dwellers used social contact and personal communication to make personal connection in Boston city. Such networks in the film include the dating agencies, clubs, and public ballrooms. The network served the characters that are desperate and lonely; in addition, they served those that are happy

Of Mice and Men - Importance of Dreams Essay Example for Free

Of Mice and Men Importance of Dreams Essay Dreams are an ingrained part of our lives, and those who strive to achieve them show extraordinary devotion and resolve. The allure of a brighter future, of a better life, can both benefit and harm, as John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men illustrates. Living in a time of pain and loss, the characters in the novella cling to their dreams. However, these dreams are beyond attainment, of no importance for accomplishment, and bring them nothing but regret. This essay will demonstrate how hopes and dreams are unimportant for success and happiness, as they are unachievable and bring only pain. Firstly, the pursuit of dreams is futile, as they cannot be achieved. The dream that the two protagonists, George and Lennie, harbour recurs throughout the novel. Their dream is to one day own their own property and to become self-sufficient, and the realization of this dream becomes more likely as the novel nears its climax. However, the dream shatters with the death of Lennie, devastating George, as George cannot envisage the dream without Lennie. The dreams of the other characters, such as Candy and Crooks, are also shown to be beyond realization. Candy, knowing that he is soon to outlive his usefulness, hopes that he can come and live with George and Lennie and to have the freedom to work or rest as he pleases. However, this also is broken when Lennie dies. The black stable-hand Crooks is the only character that clearly understands the futility of dreams. I seen hundreds of men come by on the road an on the ranches. . . every damn one of ems got a little piece of land in his head. An never a God damn one of em ever gets it. Just like heaven Nobody never gets to heaven, and nobody gets no land.(Crooks, Chapter 4) Crooks dreams of being equal to the other workers, but he understands that he is not considered equal. He briefly joins the dream that George and Lennie have, but withdraws his offer to help on the farm when he accepts that dreams are not possible: the freedom and happiness that they wish for is not found in the world they live in. The impossibility of achieving dreams makes them unimportant; they remain unfulfilled, leaving the holder with nothing. Secondly, when unfulfilled, dreams cause regret and misery. The unfulfilled dream of Curleys wifes has left her discontent, and she lives a lonely life with her inattentive husband. Her dream was to escape from her oppressive mother and become an actor. A show come through, an I met one of the actors. He says I could go with the show. But my ol lady wouldn let meIf Id went, I wouldnt be livin like this, you bet.' (Curleys wife, Chapter 5) Because of her mother, Curleys wife was never able to achieve her dream, just like the other characters, leaving her only with the knowledge that she could have had a better life. Her attitude and manner around the ranch evidences this. Her bitterness and attempts to draw attention from the other men, simply so she can have some companionship, are clear indicators of her dissatisfaction and loneliness. Curleys wife is an example of dreams leaving the holder with regret when unfulfilled, and of how they are not important for success. Lastly, without dreams, people can still be successful and satisfied. The ranchs skinner, Slim, is described as a highly skilled and content man, and as the prince of the ranch. He moved with a majesty only achieved by royalty and master craftsmen his authority was so great that his word was taken on any subject, be it politics or love. (Chapter 2, Of Mice and Men) However, while the other characters have dreams, Slim appears to have none. He never mentions any of his own, but rather supports others with theirs. It is demonstrated that he does not want anything outside of what he has, and that he has not created any plans. Whether it is because he, like Crooks, understands the futility of dreams, or because he is simply satisfied with his place in life, Slim does not possess them, and despite of this, he has the highest status among the workers. He stands as the primary example of how dreams are not required for somebody to be successful. In conclusion, it can be seen that dreams are not important. Not only do dreams leave those who keep them with unhappiness, such as with Curleys wife, but they also cannot be achieved due to the cruel nature of fate, leaving them unfulfilled. These dreams, whether they are fulfilled or not, are shown to be unnecessary for contentment, as evidenced by Slim, the most successful worker. Ultimately, the nature of dreams is best illustrated by the poem from which the novel draws its name. The best laid schemes o mice an men Gang aft agley, An leae us nought but grief an pain For promisd joy. (Robert Burns, To a Mouse) As it has been shown, dreams are not important; they are beyond reach, offer nothing, and bring only unhappiness to those who keep them, whether they are accomplished or not.

The Drama of the Clinton Sex Scandal Essay -- Presidency Bill Clinton

The Drama of the Clinton Sex Scandal Rare is a person that crosses the path of the White House without some emotion of envy or awe. This building epitomizes world leadership and unprecedented power. This renowned leadership may be the only association made by certain countries, while in the United States many see an other significance: Watergate, Whitewater, Kennedy's brutal and mysterious assassination, and today, Clinton's "zippergate" scandal. When the President of the United States takes oath, he gives up a part of his life. His private life becomes the public's life, and they feel the right to know what happens behind the Oval Office. Now the Presidency must battle against Newspaper journalists, radio personalities, televised news reports and now, even more menacing: the Internet. Presidents, who are constantly reminded of their power and prestigious rank, become exasperated because they cannot control the news media, even though they can to a large degree set the news agenda. Media has expanded in its presence, becoming widespread on the Internet, perhaps monopolizing the domain, by becoming more powerful and more used than written, televised or radio journalism. The Presidents' inability to control the press exposes their vulnerability and tends to question the actual power they can actually exert. All presidents, at some time or another, became frustrated at what they perceived as unfair treatment by the press, even while acknowledging its vital function in a free society, and many presidents have been a part of a scandal. The current presidential scandal with Monica Lewinsky had swept the Nation overnight. It seems quite impossible to know just how it will all turn out, and unfair to even speculate, but the media certainly seems to think they possess that right. It is obvious that this story has changed the face of journalism, has put online media on the map in a major way, and has made life more difficult for newspapers forever. First, let's take a look at how this story developed and how it acted on the Internet. David Noack of E&P in his article "Web's Big Role in Sex Controversy" does a great job of detailing the twisting path this tale took from rumor to investigation to publication, and how the Internet played a key part. Noack points out in his article that the "Clinton/Lewinsky" scandal has drastically changed online media. He writes:... ...presidential scandal. The media failed to turn up any new evidence and spent weeks broadcasting special reports that were nothing more than speculations. The famous image of Bill Clinton embracing Monica Lewinsky was all too much a subliminal message telling the American people that it is all right to disrespect and dislike the leader of their country. Despite these allegations that are certainly should not be condoned, Bill Clinton was elected twice to run the most powerful country of the World and will continue to do so no matter what. Now every day some new story breaks about a different woman that claims Bill Clinton aggressed them sexually. Bill Clinton can only prove so much to prove his innocence and probably isn't innocent, but nonetheless it doesn't concern the American public since it doesn't concern his ability to perform in the Oval Office. (No pun intended.) Even though being in the spotlight comes with being a world leader, the media don't need to worry about the every move and the secrets from his past. The media needs to inform the public of the Presidents misgivings that could possibly put his capabilities. There are also victims, and what about their rights?

Learning as a Process and as a Product Essay

When you ask people what do they think about learning? They only think in the final result. Isn’t to important to comprehend what that really means, and how big and important is the process. It is to simple to analyze what we have been learned before just making us the question If we really remember what we learned? But no everyone think in learning as a process. How do we learned that? If it was difficult? It’s the same learning as a process and as a product? Learning is the end product of some process. But when is learning a product? Learning as a product is when a person knows completely and totally that he/she dominates the knowledge, but also he/she have been qualify to do that â€Å"knowledge† what it means that he/she not just know the theory but also have the experience. The final product of the learning may show the capacity or level of each student and let the teacher know who needs more practice in a specific area. It depends on what they were working on, but it doesn’t mean that they are going to tell you or notice that the student really acquires the knowledge or the skill or if they need a more advanced or lower level to do the activities. Wich it means that learning as a product is the goal that the â€Å"learning process† must have. Learning as a process will be the behavior changes of certain experiences that people have had. Learning as a process goes further than learning as a product, because in one what it matters is the final result, and in another one what it matters is how was it? It’s not the same if I learned something just memorizing without practice. Besides If a learn something with theory and practice my final result it’s going to be better. It’s to important the process in which each person learned, because that will ensure you that you really understand and dominate what people taught you. That’s why everyone should recognize the difference between learning as a product and as a process.

Adventure Tourism Essay

Introduction Adventure tourism is an outdoor leisure activity that generally takes place in an unusual, exotic, remote or wilderness setting, sometimes involving some form of unconventional means of transportation and tending to be associated with low or high levels of physical activity. As the name suggests it entails an element of risk and can range from ‘getting wet’ to ‘getting high’ to ‘getting faster’. An Adventure Tourism business provider can arrange a single adventure or a combination of adventure pursuits for paying tourists. When considering an Adventure Business it is probably more cost effective to concentrate on the aspects that you are good at and have a specialised interest in. Unlike other tourism businesses an Adventure Tourism enterprise will rely heavily on the specialist interest, experience and skills. Therefore, the specialist understanding required for adventure activities, is a critical area of experience for a would-be adventure tourism entrepreneur. Requirements 1. Protection: Some adventure activities (for example quad bike racing) are, by their nature, dangerous and can cause injury, and even loss of life, to persons and damage to property. Any enterprise providing access to such activities must protect themselves against claims for loss or damage caused to persons who partake in the activities provided by the enterprise. While insurance costs may be high, return on investment may still be attractive. Health and safety requirements must be adhered to. 2. Training: The first line of protection is to ensure that owners and staff are properly trained and equipped to provide supervision and guidance to participants in the activities, ensuring that equipment is in excellent condition at all times. Ensure that all participants are properly trained in the use of equipment and in the rules of the activity that they plan to engage in. The rules should be designed to make the activity as safe as possible. 3. Legal Requirements: Before launching any adventure activity, find out what specific legal requirements pertaining to the sport or activity being pursued, must be complied with. This can be obtained from the relevant sport or activity coordinating body also check with your solicitor. 4. Insurance: Consult a reputable insurer or broker on the exposure to risk and, in particular, ensure that adequate public liability is in place. Before hosting groups of visitors or planning a public event, check with an insurance agent about adequacy of liability coverage. Be guided by the insurer in how to structure ones business and ensure to minimize exposure to risk to the maximum extent. 5. Land use zoning: Become familiar with all laws applicable to locating an office; licensing and registration; road transportation permits; public driving permits; regulations and by-laws. Consult with the local council and also a solicitor. 6. Grants: There are several different avenues that may help with funding. LEADER gives capital grants for the development of tourism activities and facilities. They also give marketing grants, which can help promote an adventure tourist venture. Contact your local LEADER company for more information. Planning and Marketing your Adventure Tourism Enterprise In depth market research should be carried out and a detailed business plan prepared before proceeding with such a venture. Your Local Regional Tourist Authority and Failte Ireland are only too willing to help you make the connection with the market place. Effective marketing is a key element in any business enterprise and is an ongoing process. Marketing can be as simple as word-of-mouth referral, or involve an intensive media campaign. Your marketing style and message must be directed to your identified audience. If providing quad bike racing activities for example, you could emphasise the experience of all weather crosscountry driving fun. Network with other tourism and adventure providers such as clay pigeon shooting, rifle target shooting and archery to provide interesting packages for the tourist. Useful web-sites for more information www.sac.ac.uk www.headwater.com www.itsadventuresouthwest.co.uk www.failte-ireland.ie

Turn-Taking Definition in Conversation Analysis

Turn-Taking Definition in Conversation Analysis In conversation analysis, turn-taking is a term for the manner in which orderly conversation normally takes place. A basic understanding can come right from the term itself: Its the notion that people in a conversation take turns in speaking. When studied by sociologists, however, the analysis goes deeper, into topics such as how people know when its their turn to speak, how much overlap there is between speakers, when its OK to have overlap, and how to consider regional or gender differences. The underlying principles of turn-taking were first described by sociologists Harvey Sacks, Emanuel A. Schegloff, and Gail Jefferson in A Simplest Systematics for the Organization of Turn-Taking for Conversation in the journal  Language, in the December 1974 issue. Competitive vs. Cooperative Overlap Much of the research in turn-taking has looked into competitive versus cooperative overlap in conversations, such as how that affects the balance of power of those in the conversation and how much rapport the speakers have. For example, in competitive overlap, researchers might look at how one person dominates a conversation or how a listener might take some power back with different ways of interrupting.  Ã‚   In cooperative overlap, a listener might ask for clarification on a point or add to the conversation with further examples that support the speakers point. These kinds of overlaps help move the conversation forward and aid in communicating the full meaning to all who are listening. Or overlaps might be more benign and just show that the listener understands, such as by saying Uh-huh. Overlap like this also moves the speaker forward. Cultural differences and formal or informal settings can change whats acceptable in a particular group dynamic.  Ã‚   Examples and Observations Television programs, books, and films present some fine examples of turn-taking. Christine Cagney: Im being quiet now. That means its your turn to talk.Mary Beth Lacey:  Im trying to think of what to say.(Cagney Lacey, 1982) Once a topic is chosen and a conversation initiated, then matters of conversational turn-taking arise. Knowing when it is acceptable or obligatory to take a turn in conversation is essential to the cooperative development of discourse. This knowledge involves such factors as knowing how to recognize appropriate turn-exchange points and knowing how long the pauses between turns should be. It is also important to know how (and if) one may talk while someone else is talking- that is if the conversational overlap is allowed. Since not all conversations follow all the rules for turn-taking, it is also necessary to know how to repair a conversation that has been thrown off course by undesired overlap or a misunderstood comment. Cultural differences in matters of turn-taking can lead to conversational breakdown, misinterpretation of intentions, and interpersonal intergroup conflict. (Walt Wolfram and Natalie Schilling-Estes, American English: Dialects and Variation. Wiley-Blackwell, 2006) The Wolf: Youre Jimmie, right? This is your house?Jimmie: Sure is.The Wolf: Im Winston Wolfe. I solve problems.Jimmie: Good, we got one.The Wolf: So I heard. May I come in?Jimmie: Uh, yeah, please do.(Pulp Fiction, 1994) Turn-Taking and Parliamentary Procedure The rules regarding turn-taking in formal situations can differ markedly than between people who are speaking casually together. Absolutely fundamental to following parliamentary procedure is knowing when and how to speak in your correct turn. Business in deliberative societies cannot be conducted when the members are interrupting each other and when they are speaking out of turn on unrelated subjects. Etiquette calls interrupting someone else rude behavior and unfitting for people in refined society. [Emily] Posts book of etiquette goes beyond this to describe the importance of listening and responding to the correct topic as being part of good manners when participating in any form of conversation. By waiting your turn to speak and avoiding interrupting another person, you not only show your desire to work together with the other members of your society, you also show respect for your fellow members. (Rita Cook, The Complete Guide to Roberts Rules of Order Made Easy. Atlantic Publishing, 2008) Interrupting vs. Interjecting Sometimes butting in while someone is talking may not be considered as interrupting, but only interjecting. To be sure, a debate is as much about performance and rhetoric (and snappy one-liners) as it is about meaningful dialogue. But our ideas about conversation inevitably shape how we perceive the debates. This means, for example, that what seems an interruption to one viewer might be merely an interjection to another. Conversation is an exchange of turns, and having a turn means having a right to hold the floor until you have finished what you want to say. So interrupting is not a violation if it doesn’t steal the floor. If your uncle is telling a long story at dinner, you may cut in to ask him to pass the salt. Most (but not all) people would say you aren’t really interrupting; you just asked for a temporary pause. (Deborah Tannen, Would You Please Let Me Finish ... The New York Times, Oct. 17, 2012)

The Bad Old Days - The Dead

The Bad Old Days - The Dead From the Hoax: England is old and small and the local folks started running out of places to bury people. So they would dig up coffins and would take the bones to a bone-house and reuse the grave. When reopening these coffins, 1 out of 25 coffins was found to have scratch marks on the inside and they realized they had been burying people alive. So they thought they would tie a string on the wrist of the corpse, lead it through the coffin and up through the ground and tie it to a bell. Someone would have to sit out in the graveyard all night the graveyard shift) to listen for the bell; thus, someone could be saved by the bell or was considered a dead ringer. The Facts: England was not so old and small that new cemeteries could not be established, but crowded graveyards did exist, due to the Christian tradition of burying the dead in the consecrated grounds of Churchyards. Some towns managed to arrange for cemeteries outside the municipal boundaries, but Church property was not subjected to secular law and the practice continued throughout the Middle Ages. There were no bone houses in England, but there were charnel houses. These were consecrated buildings for the storage of bones, usually uncovered in the course of digging new graves. If these bones had been buried in coffins in the first place a fairly uncommon practice among all but the wealthy the coffins had long since fallen apart. Some charnel houses were set up during the plague when the cemetery was overwhelmed by the number of bodies to be buried, and the corpses in previous graves were removed to make room to bury the freshly dead. It wasnt until the 18th century that the nefarious practice of secretly removing the bones from a grave to make room for new coffins took place. Church sextons would quietly dispose of the bones in nearby pits. The coffins were usually so decayed that if scratch-marks had ever been made inside them they would not be distinguishable in the rotted wood. The gravediggers would often appropriate the hardware (handles, plates, and nails) of decayed coffins to sell for waste metal.1 The matter was resolved in the mid-nineteenth century when London succeeded in passing a law that closed the churchyards and put heavy restrictions on burial within the city limits, and most cities and towns across Great Britain soon followed its lead. At no time during the Middle Ages was there a prevalent fear that people were getting buried alive, and in no known instance did anyone rig up a bell-pull to notify the living. Most medieval people were smart enough to distinguish a living person from a dead one. Throughout history, there has been the occasional case of someone getting buried alive, but by no means was this as frequent as the hoax would have you believe. The common phrases used in the last portion of the hoax have absolutely nothing to do with premature burial, and each has its origin in a different source. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the phrase graveyard shift dates to the early 20th century. It may have its source in the night shift on nautical vessels, which was called graveyard watch for its quiet loneliness. Saved by the bell originates from the sport of boxing, in which a fighter is saved from further punishment or from a ten-count when the bell signifies that the round is over. (But the next round is another story.) A ringer is slang for an imposter. It was used in cheating at horse races, when an unscrupulous trainer would substitute a fast horse, or ringer, for a nag with a bad racing record. This sporting association continues in the modern use of the term ringer for a professional athlete playing in an amateur game. But a human can also be a ringer in the sense of a person who closely resembles someone else, like the professional entertainers who impersonate celebrities such as Dolly Parton and Cher. A dead ringer is simply someone who is extremely close in appearance to another, in the same way as someone who is dead wrong is as wrong as he can possibly be. Once again, if you have an alternative origin for one of these phrases, please feel free to post it on our bulletin board, and be sure to bring your sources! Note 1. cemetery  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannicabritannica.com/eb/article?eu22388[Accessed April 9, 2002].

Healthcare Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Healthcare Management - Research Paper Example One should believe that a change in the thinking ideologies of people is something that must be made apparent in the present times. Health manpower would do a lot of good within the market because this is needed from a human perspective. It would set things rights because health is always a priority for individuals and more so within a society which wants to create the most righteous buzz about its inmates and indeed the processes. Recruiting the best available manpower within the healthcare regimes would mean that something or the other is being done properly and for the welfare of the people at large. It will also set the basis of finding the exact ways and means through which health related standards will see the light of the day (Mintz, 2004). What is even more significant is how well the health manpower would set the ball rolling for the good things to follow within the healthcare realms, and it would thus set the basis for enacting new measures and discerning novel ways to reach out to the needy and the suffering on a proactive level (Sorell, 1998). When the discussion of health manpower is done, the role of health education within the market realms would also seem like a necessity. Health education is necessary because it resolves all the predicaments that are attached with healthcare and how people find a way to keep their health standards high at all times. These discussions are relevant because they speak of the problems which engulf the lives of the people and thus are very quintessential if seen within the correct settings. The health education shall always improve within the market because it has to, without any prejudice or malice against its development and growth over a period of time. When the health personnel are available, the issue of health manpower becomes easy to tackle. It takes care of the demand and recruitment of health professionals that are skilled enough to take care of the issues which encircle the lives of the patients on

What's a Gaffer Do Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What's a Gaffer Do - Assignment Example Lighting, its effective designing and timely execution is crucial for the success of any shot, making the man responsible for the whole affair central to the art of filmmaking. According to Iggy, one of the leading gaffers in the filmmaking and who is also an avid blogger, the prerequisites for working as a gaffer is the acquisition of technical knowledge and a sound know-how of the equipment (Iggy, n.p.). For having an executive position, creativity and decision making skills are extremely crucial as well. Gaffer unions and guilds do exist; they offer internships as well as support for a gaffer while s/he is under employment. For example, the Motion Picture Studio Electrical Lighting Technicians Local 728 is one such organization listed on the IATSE website that works to support gaffers in the filmmaking industry (IATSE 728). An initiation fee is usually mandatory to gain membership in such unions. A gaffer’s importance to filmmaking cannot be emphasized enough since it is on e of the most pivotal roles in the entire process of cinematography. Effective management of the lighting on the set ensures a brilliant filming of a scene; hence, the correlation between a good gaffer and the success of the film is strong. Best Boy Electric is the assistant to the gaffer in the filmmaking industry.... To get started as a best boy, it is not necessary to have an academic degree since it is sound technical knowledge and effective organizational skills that determine a best boy’s success on the film set. As far as internships in the field are concerned, there are plenty of opportunities for a prospective best boy to learn the tricks of the trade, either under the mentorship of a professional gaffer or by enrolling in technical assistance programs offered. For instance, the Film New Orleans webpage offers a list of individuals who can assist upcoming technicians to train as best boys (Film New Orleans). The medium of filmmaking is extremely dependent upon the efforts of the best boy, especially in the productions phase, making the job central to the lights, camera and action. A Dolly grip is one of the posts that is related to the cinematographic field of filmmaking. Responsibilities of a dolly grip revolve around the technical supervision and operation of the camera dolly. A w ord known to filmmakers, the Media College defines a camera dolly as specialized equipment, a lot like a track, along which the camera moves (Camera Moves). The camera dolly not only allows the cameraman to take smooth shots but also facilitates the capturing of shots from multiple angles. Since a dolly grip is responsible for the operation of the camera dolly, the post is very closely related to that of a cameraman and thus falls under the camera department. In essence, it is a post linked with the production process of filmmaking. As is the case with most of the production department related posts, a dolly grip does not require prior academic achievements to be able to enter the field. Moreover, since the dolly grip is required to handle and

Certain rules and regulations related to the commercial domain Essay

Certain rules and regulations related to the commercial domain - Essay Example This study looks into law as ‘the rule that the society will enforce’. The notion of law has been used by several aspects like economic activities, such as production and consumption, social activities, such as social integration and relationship, but the most important aspect is related to the business or the commercial activities. In this context the notion of business law has been used. The role of the competition commission where the person is working can be described by the Competition Act that has been introduced in 1998 under the UK law act. The competition commission is a member body of the ‘competition and regulatory responsibilities under UK law’. The competition commission is part of the competition law of the UK. The competition commission is public body that is characterised as a non-departmental organisation. The commission was started as an independent body by the act of 1998 by replacing the ‘Monopolies and Mergers Commission’ on 1999. The commission is aimed at conducting in-detail investigations into: †¢ Mergers (which are either anticipated or completed), †¢ Markets (which is related to the scale monopolies and monopoly practices) †¢ Regulations (including price regulations and industry regulations etc.). These are the major roles of the commission where the person works as a trainee. The role of the commission is to investigate those above mentioned practices and activities and to refer these investigations to the Office of Fair Trade (OFT). The commission cannot initiate any investigation unless it receives reference by another authority. The commission is responsible for taking decisions regarding the mergers and market and for providing remedial measures to industries. These remedial measures are related to the adverse effects which are or can be obtained by mergers and consumers or producers in the market. After completing its investigation the commission produces a report regarding the investigation and its associated results and submits this to the concerned authority and hence, provides remedial measures or decisions (Competition Commission: General Advice and Information, 2006, p.7). The commission conducted a study on â€Å"Public Enterprises, Government Policy and Impact on Competition: Indian Petroleum Industry† on reference by Indicus Analytics Pvt. Ltd. The objective of the study was to examine the nature of competition in Petroleum Refining. The study showed that there is monopoly in the domestic market and suggested that to introduce competition in the market, it is necessary to lift restrictions on imports (Public Enterprises, Government Policy and Impact on Competition:  Indian Petroleum Industry, 2009) Under the Competition Act 1998, 50 public schools were fined for fee fixing by OFT. These schools include Eton and Harrow. Each school was ordered to pay a fine of ? 10000. Around 40000 students who attended between 2001 and 2004 were supposed to beneficiaries (Smithers, 2006). 2. What are monopolies, mergers and cartels? Monopolies, mergers and cartels are the form of economic organisations where one or very few producers produce homogeneous products. A monopoly is defined as the market structure where only one producer or firm produces and supplies a particular product to all the customers of that product. In the UK market for postal service, the Royal Mail had a 350

Bilateral Investment Treaties: Breach of Treaty or Contract

Bilateral Investment Treaties: Breach of Treaty or Contract The face of international investment has changed radically thanks to the proliferation of BITs in the past decade. This has led to foreign investment disputes increasingly being resolved through dispute resolution procedure. But the increase in arbitration to resolve investment related disputes hasnt been successful in resolving some of the issues arising from BITs. Rather some of the recent decision in international investment has exposed some of the underlying problem between the theoretical aspect of the bit and the practical aspect[1]. One of the major issues creating a lot of controversy is related to interpreting that umbrella clause in different BITs[2] and the conflict between breach of treaty v breach of contract. This clause, found in most of the BITs requires that each contracting party must honour and observe all obligations that have been entered with the investor from the other contracting state. This clause basically helps the investor to raise a contractual claim unde r the domestic law to a treaty claim under the BITs. According to Jarrod Wong the application of such clause results in the international arbitration tribunal constituted under the BIT (the BIT tribunal) to take jurisdiction over breach-of-contract claims since the umbrella clause raises the breach of contract to a treaty level breach which automatically gives jurisdiction to the tribunal[3]. To put it in the simplest way, it means that the investor can now ask the international investment tribunal to redress the breach of the investment contact by elevating it to the status of breach of the investment treat by way of international arbitration. Vivendi[4], SGS v. Pakistan[5], and SGS v. Philippines[6] are the three cases decided by International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) tribunal that have fuelled the controversy relating to umbrella clause[7] and additionally have discussed the relationship between a breach of contract and breach of treaty.   The above cases have shown how international arbitrators are inconsistent in their approach towards interpreting the umbrella clause in the governing BITs. This has led to a conflict on how the two-principal aspect of international investment practice work in consonance with each other. The two-principal aspect constitute of investment contract which is validated by the hosts states domestic law and the international investment agreement which are mostly the BITs[8]. If this underlying uncertainty isnt resolved soon, then the growth and favourability of international investment stands threatened.[9] Since overlaps between contract and treaty claims ar e expected to arise with increased frequency in the interim period (as a result of the ever-increasing scope of BIT coverage)[10]. This essay will first analyse the relationship between a contractual claim and treaty claim when both arise from same set of facts (a single action of the host state giving rise to the breach). The analysis will be done by discussing how different tribunal have assisted in developing this jurisprudence as it stands today and if there are any fault and changes required in the jurisprudence. The second part of the essay will deal the umbrella clause jurisprudence by focusing and dissecting the decision and reasoning of the tribunal in the SGS decision that have shaped the concept as it is today. At the end the conclusion will involve the analysis and recommendation relating to the jurisprudence discussed below and will also provide an analysis of the decisions that will be referred to. The parties in an investment transaction receive their substantive and procedural rights from the combination of different norm starting from the investment contract itself that is entered between the foreign investor and the local government which gives rise to private right and obligation. Then there is the domestic law of the host state that govern and protects the substantial rights and obligation of the party. These domestic laws fill in the normative gaps that arise in the contract, those domestic laws are mostly in the form of tax laws, environmental law et al. Domestic laws create substantive and procedural right and obligation in addition to those undertaken through the contract. Finally, Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) and Multilateral Investment Treaties (MITs) also govern many international foreign investments that required the host state to adhere to obligation by a fixed set of international law. A combination of the above norms provides for a suitable investment e nvironment for the foreign investor protecting and guaranteeing a return on the investment made.[11] The above set of norm give rise to different rights and there is claim under all the three set of norm and at time those claims can arise from a single set of facts. All the three norms work simultaneously to protect and observe all the right and obligation of the parties. As all the norm work together at times both contractual and treat claims can come from a single set of facts, that fact being the act of the government which can breach the investment contract and the investment treaty at the same time. The question that arises here is that if single set of facts gives rise to both treaty and contractual claims then will the tribunal have jurisdiction or will the court have jurisdiction over the dispute? This jurisprudence stands clarified that the tribunal will have jurisdiction over the treaty claims and the local court or arbitrator will have jurisdiction over contractual claims by international tribunal time and again, the most recent being the famous SGS decisions and it was first dealt with by the Lanco v Argentina[12] Tribunal. This ICSID jurisprudence established in Lanco[13] was based on the forum selection clause contained in the concession agreement which was in favour of domestic courts in Argentina. Argentina argued that because of the clause the tribunal has no jurisdiction over treaty claims as the consent in the contract by way of the forum selection clause over rides the general consent given in the BIT for ICSID arbitration. The tribunal however rejected the argument stating that United States-Argentina BIT allows the investor to submit the dispute to ICSID for treaty based claims and the consent is an expressed consent and cannot in any case be overridden by the consent given in the contract.[14] The Annulment Committee in the Vivendi case affirmed the Vivindi Tribunals decision on the issue relating to forum selection clause which was in line with the Lanco decision. The tribunal basically stated that the ICSID tribunal will never be deprived of jurisdiction over a treaty claim, including the case of treaty claims arising out of the contract even when there is a forum selection clause in the contract.[15] The tribunal in the Vivindi[16] case stated that in no way the forum selection clause would be: deemed to prevent the investor from proceeding under the ICSID Convention against the Argentine Republic on a claim charging the Argentine Republic with a violation of the Argentine-French BIT.[17] The forum selection clause was again a point of contention between the parties in both the SGS dispute and the tribunals decisions was in line with the prior jurisprudence. While discussing the SGS decisions one important point that is mostly not noted is that in both the disputes the tribunal asserted jurisdiction over the treaty claim which arose directly from the investment agreement. This cemented the ICSID jurisprudence that was established in earlier cases, both treaty claims and contractual claims can arise from the same set of facts. It can also be stated that, notwithstanding any forum selection clause, in a matter of treaty violation an international tribunal will always have jurisdiction over the treaty based claim. The tribunal in SGS v Pakistan cited the Vivindi annulment decision where the committee stated: [W] here the fundamental basis of the claim is a treaty laying down an independent standard by which the conduct of the parties is to be judged, the existence of an exclusive jurisdiction clause in a contract between the claimant and the respondent state cannot operate as a bar to the application of the treaty standard. At most, it might be relevant-as municipal law will often be relevant-in assessing whether there has been a breach of the treaty.[18] The tribunal also particularly stated that it will deal with the violation related to the treaty only and there will be no jurisdictional overlap with the PSI arbitrator as the PSI arbitrator will be dealing with contractual violation even though both the dispute arise from the same set of facts.[19] It must also be noted that the tribunal in SGS v Philippines also had to deal with similar type of forum selection clause and its decision was again in line with earlier jurisprudence. The SGS tribunals were consistent in their decision on forum selection clause in an underlying contract and also followed the jurisprudence that was established. The effect is that once treaty based claims are found and framed then the treaty based tribunal have the power to adjudicate them and no other forum selection clause can abridge that right. This authority will in no condition be abdicated on the reason that they claim are linked or arise from claims related to contracts. No forum selection clause in an underlying contract or a parallel proceeding relating to the claims can rob or stop the treaty based tribunal from deciding the treaty based claim as clear differentiation can be established between treaty based claims and contractual claims even if they arise from the same set of facts. We saw that there is a clear differentiation between a tribunal asserting jurisdiction on treaty claims when the dispute arises from the same set of fact related to an underlying investment contract. But the umbrella clause aims to do just the opposite by equating contract breaches with treaty breaches. SGS v Pakistan was the first case to deal with the umbrella clause in its practical aspect back in 2003 and then this question was again dealt with by SGS v Philippines. While trying to deal with the question of umbrella clause the SGS decisions left us with conflicting and confusing interpretation of the umbrella clause. The confusion can be attributed to how the SGS decisions lie on the opposite end of the spectrum, while SGS v. Pakistan determined that the BIT tribunal does not have any jurisdiction over contractual claims on the ground (that umbrella clause is very wide in its scope and there was no intention to cover contractual dispute), conversely SGS v. Philippines held that a BIT tribunal in fact has such jurisdiction (as the umbrella clause is to be applied as it is) but still held that it should not exercise this jurisdiction where the investment agreement contains an exclusive forum selection clause designating a specific but different forum from BIT tribunal for resolving disputes arising under the contract. The United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations has stated that the presence of an umbrella clause in a treaty: makes the respect of such contracts [between the host State and the investor] an obligation under the treaty. Thus, the breach of such a contract by the host State would engage its responsibility under the agreement and-unless direct dispute settlement procedures come into play-entitle the home State to exercise diplomatic protection of the investor.[20] The inclusion of umbrella clause has widened the definition of a arbitrable dispute and over the time tribunal have found and concluded that jurisdiction of a tribunal is no more restricted to claims of violation of substantive provision of BIT.[21] It may be noted that the clauses in BITs are not yet tested as they have been drafted keeping in mind the future requirement for an favourable investment and they are put to test only when any dispute arises and they are placed before an arbitral tribunal. Two of the recent decision relates to the interpretation of the umbrella clause discussed below shows what challenges can the umbrella clause being with them. The SGS Reasonings The SGS decision are the two most recent and important decision on umbrella clause. While SGS v Pakistan took a very restrictive approach in interpreting the clause over contractual claims, SGS v Philippines made a broad interpretation of the umbrella clause by covering both treaty claims and contractual claims. SGS v Pakistan was faced with an umbrella clause, which according to the tribunal was very broad in its scope. The tribunal went on to state that the clause is so broad that it cant be construed to cover contractual claims (compromissory clause article 9 of BIT only intended to cover treaty claims not contractual claims)[22].   The tribunal also found that the umbrella clause in article 11 of the BIT did not transfer SGS contractual claims in to BIT claim. The tribunal stated that a straight forward reading and literal interpretation of the clause encompasses the contractual claims, but the tribunal was concerned that it will convert every contractual claim into a breach of BIT claim and would open a floodgate of cases.[23] The tribunal was very explicit in stating that they dont intent the clause to be so wide in its scope and assumed that the parties also never intended to do so. Giving effect to the clause would be exceeding what the contracting parties intended and the tri bunal is willing to accept.[24] So eventually the tribunal took jurisdiction over treaty claim only and allowed to PSI arbitrator to resolve the contractual disputes. SGS v Philippines was faced with the decision of the earlier SGS v Pakistan tribunal which came before some months only. The tribunal felt that the SGS v Pakistan tribunal didnt give the full and proper effect to the umbrella clause stating that the clause doesnt change the applicable   law on the contract from Philippines law to international.[25] The applicable law remains the domestic law only, the umbrella clause makes sure that the host state honours the obligation it has undertaken under the contract in effect, the clause help to secure the performance of the contract obligation by the host state in relation to international investment protection law.[26] Surprisingly after giving a broad interpretation to the clause the tribunal suspended the proceedings asking the claimant to get the judgement from the domestic court first and then come back to the tribunal if the claimant finds that the judgment is unsatisfactory or the host state doesnt comply with the judgment. The tribunal felt that they have jurisdiction over the dispute, but it is not yet admissible as there is another forum selection clause closer to the contract and if that fail then the tribunal can take jurisdiction.[27] Basically, speaking the tribunal stated that they have jurisdiction over the matter but it will become admission when the forum selection clause doesnt provide justice it will be admissible as it will get elevated to treat violation under the doctrine of denial of justice under international law.[28] Its clear by now that both tribunals decided not to decide on the contractual claim. As Thomas W Walde states, this happened because both the tribunal feared that it will open a floodgate. The SGS v Pakistan was much sincere and clearly vocal about the fear whereas the SGS v Philippines tribunal wrapped it in a more technical consideration.[29] In the end, we can see that both the SGS decision have left the concept of Umbrella clause on a very uneven ground by reaching at two different conclusions. In my opinion an umbrella clause provides much more confidence than a forum selection clause. The reason umbrella clause is preferred because it provides for the disputes to be resolved by a neutral tribunal as both the parties have equal say in the selection and appointment of the tribunals. whereas the forum selection clause requires that the dispute be resolved by a domestic court where the host state has an interest. This doesnt help to instil any confidence of the foreign investor in the domestic forum.[30] The SGS v Pakistan tribunal didnt take into consideration the entire jurisprudence of international law, had it vested far enough it would have realised that the jurisprudence states that contracts of aliens with a government are protected under international law, but only if there are not merely commercial, but have an e lement of governmental powers and prerogative.[31] The intention and aim of investment treaty are not to cover and protect normal commercial functions but rather the action of the government which may seem business like but are sovereign in nature. Had the tribunal delved and concentrated on this core aspect of international investment law it would have realised that the PSI contract involves the power of government (matter related to custom and revenue are the sovereign function of government and PSI agreement was a contract relating to the sovereign action of the Pakistan government) and it would have been able to assert jurisdiction without opening any floodgates. In my opinion when there is an umbrella clause, the parties should go ahead to give effect to the clause, however wide it is. The jurisprudence behind the umbrella clause is to give it a broad interpretation by literally reading it the way it is written. Further, if the argument given in the decision are carried to the extreme, it would invalidate not just the umbrella clause, but all BIT provisions. Conversely the host state should be the one to take the first step to allow the umbrella to take effect and raise the contract claim to treaty claim. Although this step would benefit both the parties, but the host state stands to gain from this action rather than loosing anything. My analogy is based on the assumptions that such an action would be beneficial to the host state, as it will be seen as a positive and pro-investment stance by other investors. The host state stand to benefit by way of a more hospitable, more attractive environment for foreign investment by the adoption of the BIT provisions such as clause like umbrella clause (also forum section clause). Another issue that arises is, reengaging with the clause of the BIT after the investment and that too after a claim has arisen, creates uncertainty in the global marketplace and this may will result in investor losing confidence in the host effecting loss of investment opportunity. In my conclusion, I complete agree with what Jarrod wong states, the language, history and purpose of umbrella clause dictates one reasonable interpretation that it applies to investment contracts without any exception and hence it should be enforced in case of any dispute in accordance with the partys agreement.[32] Moreover, a foreign investor enters an investment agreement with the host by drawing confidence from the BIT and its clauses should be applied as it is until and unless it is blatantly against any concept of international law. Some recent cases have tried to deal with the interpretation of the umbrella clause. while some went for the decision went for Broad, Unconditional Plain Meaning of the clause like SGS v. Paraguay[33] and EDF v. Argentina[34]. Those cases stuck to the concept that there should be a plain meaning buy some of them went for conditional plan meaning but none of the tribunal went ahead to clarify the confusion created by the SGS decision. We are slowly seeing a trend in the practice but far from reaching a conclusive finality. So, the present requirement is for ICSID to clarify on the umbrella issue that has cropped up because of the SGS decisions and the interpretation of the clause should be broad and literal as the jurisprudence related to the umbrella clause suggests. [1] Yuval Shany, Contract Claims Vs. Treaty Claims: Mapping Conflicts Between Icsid Decisions On Multisourced Investment Claims, The American Journal of International Law, American Society of International LawVol. 99, No. 4 (Oct., 2005), pp. 835-851 [2] Jarrod Wong, Umbrella Clauses in Bilateral Investment Treaties: Of Breaches of Contract, Treaty Violations, and the Divide between Developing and Developed Countries in Foreign Investment Disputes, 14 Geo. Mason L. Rev. 135 (2006). [3] ibid [4] Compania de Aquas del Aconquija, S.A. v. Argentina, Decision on Annulment, ICSID No. ARB/97/3, 41 ILM 1135, 1154 (2002). [5] SGS Societe Generale de Surveillance S.A. v. Pakistan, Decision on Jurisdiction, ICSID No. ARB/01/13 (Aug. 6, 2003), 18 ICSID REV. 301 (2003), 42 ILM 1290 (2003) [6] SGS Societe Generale de Surveillance S.A. v. Philippines, Decision on Jurisdiction, ICSID No. ARB/02/6 (Jan. 29, 2004) [7] Shany, (n1) [8] ibid [9] Cf Kalypso Nicolaidis Joyce L. Tong, Diversity or Cacophony? The Continuing Debate over New Sources of International Law, 25 MICH.J. INTL L. 1349, 1351 (2004) [10] Shany, (n1) [11] Ibid., pp. 835-851 [12] Lanco International Inc. v. the Argentine Republic (hereinafter Lanco), ICSID Case No. ARB/97/6, Preliminary Decision: Jurisdiction of the Arbitral Tribunal, 8 December 1998, 40 I.L.M. 457, 2001 [13] Ibid. [14] ibid., at para. 31. [15] Compania de Aguas del Aconquija S.A. and Vivendi Universal v. Argentine Republic (ICSID Case No. ARB/97/3, Decision on Annulment of 3 July 2002, 41 I.L.M. 1135, 2002, at para. 50. [16] ibid [17] ibid., at para. 54 [18] ibid., at para. 140 [19] SGS v Pakistan (n 5) at para 186 187 [20] United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations, Bilateral Investment Treaties, UNCTC, 1988, at 39. [21] Christoph Schreuer, Travelling the BIT Route: of waiting periods, umbrella clause and Fork in the road, 5 J.W.I.T 2, 231 (2004) [22] ibid [23] Stanimir a alexandrov, Breaches of Contract and Breaches of Treaty: The Jurisdiction of Treaty-based Arbitration Tribunals to Decide Breach of Contract Claims in SGs v Pakistan and SGs v Philippines [2004] 5 J. World Investment Trade 55 [24] Emmanuel Gaillard, Investment Treaty Arbitration and Jurisdiction Over Contract Claims- the SGS Cases Considered in International Investment Law and Arbitration: Leading cases from the ICSID, NAFTA, Bilateral Treaties and Customary International Law, Tod Weiler Editor (2005).257, 2004, at 271-272 [25] alexandrov, (n 23) [26] SGS v Philippine (n 6) at para 126 [27] Stephen Schwebel, International Protection of Contractual Agreements (1959) A.S.I.L. Proc. 273 [28] ibid [29] Thomas W. Wà ¤lde, The Umbrella (or Sanctity of Contract/Pacta sunt Servanda) Clause in Investment Arbitration: A Comment on Original Intentions and Recent [2004] 1(4) TDM   1 [30] Wong, (n 2) [31] Schwebel, (n 24) [32] Wong, (n 2) [33] Socià ©tà © Gà ©nà ©rale de Surveillance S.A. v. Republic of the Philippines, ICSID Case No. ARB/02/6 [34] EDF International S.A., SAUR International S.A. and Leon Participaciones Argentinas S.A. v. Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No. ARB/03/23 Cocaine Addiction: History, Effects and Symptoms Cocaine Addiction: History, Effects and Symptoms Cocaine Addiction An Overview of Cocaine Addiction What is Cocaine? Cocaine is a stimulant drug that produces a greater effect of ‘high’ than other drugs such as methamphetamine. It comes in a form of white powder or crystal form with a bitter numbing taste. In general, the powder form is mixed with other materials such as talcum powder, icing sugar, cornstarch or other drugs such as amphetamine or procaine. Cocaine is derived from coca leaves, then processed into cocaine hydrochloride to produce the base of the drug which is develop into two forms recognized as crack and freebase. White crack typically comes in the shape of crystals varies in color from creamy or white to a transparent color with a yellow or pink tinge whereas freebase is the white crystalline powder form. Cocaine generally snorted through the nasal tissues hence absorbed into the bloodstream. Some people also rub the drug at their gums and swallowing it. Ways of ingesting it depends on the preference of the users, some want a rapid high sensation would inject it or inh ale it as a vapor or smoke. Cocaine is widely known by many names that includes pepsi, coke, crack, Charlie, base, sugar block and rock. Brief History Cocaine was once misclassified as a narcotic drug that depresses the nervous system. It is a powerful stimulant and indigenous natives chewed the coca leaves for boosts of energy. The natives believed it was given by the God and reserves the coca’s pleasure for royalties and high priests. In overtime, the coca leaves were spread to the common people. In 1860, the secret of the coca leaves caught the attention of a pharmaceutical company located in Germany. In the facility, the ancient coca leaf collided with modern chemistry and the drug’s active ingredients are isolated from coca’s chemical properties by chemist, Albert Niemann. After the chemical isolation, a crystal substance is formed and it was named Cocaine which derives from â€Å"coca† and the alkaloid suffix â€Å"-ine†. Niemann stripped the leaves of its mono rating substances and unknowingly created the world’s most addictive drug. How it is used? There are four common ways of ingesting cocaine which are oral, intravenous, intranasal and inhalation. In other street terms it is called chewing, injecting or mainlining, snorting and smoking. Intravenous use is a method of using a hypodermic needle to inject cocaine directly into the bloodstream causing instant intense effect to the user. Whereas intranasal administration is the process of snorting powdered cocaine through the external opening of the nose. Smoking cocaine requires breathing in the smoke or vapor of a burning cocaine into the lungs where the effects are sucked up into the bloodstream to create instantaneous euphoric high as such injecting cocaine. Users should be aware that there are absolute no safe way of using cocaine as the listed methods of using the drug result in absorption of toxic amounts of cocaine, cerebrovascular emergencies, acute cardiovascular and seizures that can to sudden death. Effects on the brain Cocaine activates norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin, chemicals that stimulates movements, excitement and feelings of pleasure. Normally, when you get excited, startle, and frighten the brain makes you react in order to get out from harm’s way. Cocaine works in the similar way in the brain automatically without you needing it to occur. This addictive drug is a powerful central nervous system stimulant that stimulates the growth of neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain which is responsible to regulate movement and pleasure. Generally, dopamine is freed by neurons in response to potential rewards and reprocess back into the cell that freed it and eventually shutting off signals in linked with neurons. Cocaine stops the dopamine from being reused thus leading to excessive number of dopamine to develop in the synapse. This process causes amplification of the dopamine signals and eventually disrupts standard brain communication. The overflow of dopamine is the main cause of cr eating the cocaine’s euphoric high. Constant heavy usage of the cocaine can cause permanent long-term modification of the brain’s reward system and also other systems of the brain. Effects on the lungs Smoking cocaine is the main contribution to the majority lung and breathing complications. Users smoke crack, freebase or paste by using water pipes, glass pipes or cigarettes, heated using matches or butane lighters. Residue from the cocaine contaminants, matches, tars and additives as such marijuana usually causes chronic coughing, bronchitis, and coughing black phlegm thus leading to multiple chest pain and shortness of breath. The practice of breath holding and deep inhalation technique maximizes the volume of cocaine inhaled and the absorption and can cause collapsing of the lung. At times, users often express sharp pains in the chest area due to deep breathing, neck pain, painful swallowing and buildup of air under the skin located at the neck area called subcutaneous emphysema, which has a feature of crackling touch sensation similar to Rice Krispies cereal. In addition, smoking cocaine can also cause pulmonary edema, a condition of the lung being filled with fluids that can c ause severe shortness in breath, respiratory failure and later death. Effects on the heart Cocaine stimulates the sympathetic nervous system that is mainly responsible for the fight response function which is controlled mostly by epinephrine or adrenaline. Increased of heart rates, high blood pressure and narrowing of blood vessels are the effects of using cocaine. Other type of cardiovascular complications that are caused by cocaine include rapid heart rate and abnormal heart rhythms known as cardiomyopathy. Cardiomyopathy is a disease that weakens the walls of the aorta and causes aortic dissection and rupture of the heart muscle. Repeated use of cocaine can also cause narrowing in the arteries of the heart that can lead to the decrease of blood flow in the heart organ thus causing symptoms of angina, where heart muscles are deprived of oxygen-rich blood that usually cause death of heart tissues and heart attack. In addition, cocaine is also responsible for subsequent narrowing and accelerated hardening of the coronary arteries of the heart which results in heart attacks and cardiac deaths among users from the age of 19 to 44 years of age. Signs of Cocaine Abuse Addiction Cocaine is a drug that is highly addictive and interferes how the brain processes chemicals responsible for the feelings of pleasure. Users who are addicted to cocaine will lose control over the usage of the drug. Strong urges of need for the drug emerge from time to time although most users know the consequences after taking it. Here are some signs of cocaine addiction: Mood Swings The drug cocaine causes addicts to â€Å"crash† when they decide to quit. The term crash refers to moments where the addict’s mood swings changes rapidly from high to distress which causes addicts to continue taking it in order to feel normal. Excess of using the drug may lead to addiction. Withdrawal symptoms Addicts who are addicted to cocaine may show withdrawal symptoms of the drug. Withdrawal symptoms may include hunger, depression, suicidal thoughts, intense cravings, extended sleep or restless sleep, irritability and exhaustion. Abusing cocaine will seem the easy way out to not experience any withdrawal symptoms thus bringing the addict back to relapsing the drug. Change in Behavior If an addict abuses cocaine, their behavior will dramatically change after using the drug. The addict may seem happy or excited and acts more confidently to display an enthusiastic sense of well-being. Addicts also may appear talkative than usual, sexually excited, energy levels increased and loss of food appetite. Eye Changes The most obvious signs of abusing cocaine is the addict’s eyes. The pupil of their eyes are dilated and overly sensitive to light. The pupil is the black part in the eye and usually will constrict when there is light shone into it and get bigger when the presence of light is gone. Cocaine causes the addict’s pupils to dilate or get bigger than its usual size. Nasal Effect Other signs of cocaine addiction include nasal effects. Cocaine addicts usually have runny noses and nose bleed after prolonged use of the drug. Cocaine is heavily snorted through the nasal passages resulting narrowing in blood vessels which can cause blood pressure to increase and decrease in blood flow to the nasal cavity tissues. Without the right amount of blood supply to the nasal cavity tissues, the normal function of the nose may undergo massive damages such as loss of sense of smell and overall health may also be affected. Family members and loved ones should also be on the look-out for traces of white colored powder around the addict’s nose as an indication of cocaine abuse. Skin Effect Another sign of cocaine abuse is scratching of the skin. Cocaine users typically experience irritating crawling feelings under the skin. This crawling feeling is known as ‘snow bugs’ or ‘cocaine bugs’. Addicts describe the feeling of cocaine bugs as burning, itching, biting and creeping. Some addicts will tend to always scratch their skin until it bleeds to ease the irritation. Keep an eye for small bleeding wounds and formation of scabs on your loved ones to identify the abuse of cocaine. Over-Heating Regular cocaine addicts will always find themselves sweating excessively due to dramatic increase of the body temperature. Addicts may also hallucinate and feel agitated, confused and paranoid easily. Family members should notice behaviors of their loved ones such as constant pulling off their clothes or tries to cool down the body with cold showers, wandering the streets without reasons and violent behaviors as signs of cocaine addiction. Treating Cocaine Addiction Without proper treatment, cocaine addiction and abuse can lead to destructive injuries and irreversible harm. In due course, similar to other substance addiction it will cause overdose, accidents, chronic health issues and death. At Solace Sabah, we offer the latest drug recovery program that incorporates cutting edge psychotherapies, modern medicines, committed aftercare, family integration and customized treatment plans. Every client will be provided with thorough and effective care for even the worst possible case of drug addiction. If you find your loved one is relying highly on cocaine and powerless to stop using the drug, treatment and immediate intervention are their best option for a chance to live a healthy life again. Contact us today at Solace Sabah to gain an understanding on how our in-depth addiction treatment program can help your loved ones to start the recovery journey.